The effects, complications and outcome of ventricular drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on high intracranial pressure
and hydrocephalus were analyzed retrospectively in 63 patients with intracranial hemorrhages. Ali patients underwent a
procedure for ventricular CSF drainage plus ICP monitoring. 34 patients managed with one extemal ventricular drainage
(EVD) system, 7 patients managed with two EVD system subsequently whereas 22 patients underwent EVD procedure
that was followed by permanent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt procedure. Outcomes at 2 months after hemorrhages
were analyzed. Infection rates were 8.8% in one EVD group, 57.1% in two EVD group and 9.1% in EVD-VP shunt group.
Mortality rates were 82.4 in one EVD group, 85.7% in two EVD group and 50% in EVD-VP group patients. Our results
indicate that single and short term use of EVD and early VP shunting has low risk of infections. Furthermore, it was
found that early VP shunting reduces mortality by protecting the brain from irregular CSF hypertention.

in this study, 47 adult patients with hydrocephalus reviewed retrospectively in our dink. Aetiological features and its effects to prognosis were evaluated. As causes of hydrocephalus; brain tumours in 12 cases, subarachnoid haemorhage in 11 cases, normal pressure hydrocephalus seven cases, infections in four cases, cerebellar infarct in three cases and cerebellar haemorrhage in one case were found. ýf in fourteen cases (29.7 %), it was detected that cerebrovascular diseases responded for hydrocephalus. The results were discussed in light of the literature and emphasised that cerebrovascular disease importance in aetiology of hydrocephalus developed in adulthood.

Congenial aplasia and/ or hypoplasia of intemal carotid arteria is a rare anomaly in the congenital cranial vascular malformations. We report a case had right aplastic and left hypoplastic internal carotid arteries who presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Although various mechanisms were individually or totally thought to be responsible for migraine; the pathophysiology hasn't been established yet. Protein C, protein S and antithrombin III are natural anticoagulants. Lack of these proteins or decrease in the activity of these substances in the blood trigger or prepare migraine episodes as a result of cerebral oligemia. A decrease in the activity of these natural anticoagulants and basophilic leucocytes in patients with migraine has indicated a possible relationship between these natura! anticoagulants and the pathophysiology of migraine with aura. Inspired by these observation, we studied the activity of these natura} anticoagulants in 21 patients with migraine with aura (during attacks and during periods without attack), 20 patients with tension type headache (during periods with headache and during periods without headache) and 21 control subjects. The persentage of activity was 100.45±11.40% for antithrombin III, 75.50±11.12% for protein S and 107.15±26.77% for protein C in the tension type headache group during periods with headache; however the persentage of activity was 74.71±5.52% for antithrombin III, 48.90± 12.59% for protein S and 83.52±23.65% for protein C in the migraine with aura group during the attacks period. Activities of the natural anticoagulants during attacks of migraine with aura were significantly lower than the activities of the natura} anticoagulants during periods of tension type headache and that of healthy control group. (p<0.001). Our findings indicate that decreases in the activities of these natura} anticoagulants may lead to cerebral ischemia. Similar studies which will be done in the future by larger groups, are going to make important contributions about the effects of natura} anticoagulants on pathophysiology of migraine and the indications of anticoagulant therapy in migraine with aura which is resistant to treatment.

in this prospective study we aimed at identifying the importance of level of carotid artery constriction and type of atherosclerotic plaques that presents high risk in patients with ischemic stroke and temporary ischemic attack (TlA), using carotid artery Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) and Cranial Computerized Tomography (CU. A total of 78 patient admitted to the Fýrat University Fýrat Health Center Neurology Clinic with the diagnose of ischemic stroke or TIA were involved in this study. According to plaque shape, plaque surface properties and stenosis level, the CT findings were classified as being either normal, lacuner lesions, regional infarctions and watershed infarctions. ýn ischemic stroke group, plaques with a heterogeneous echogenicity, with an irregular surface and high degree carotid stenosis (>%50) dominated significiantly in CT-regional infarctions (p<0.05 in all groups). ýn TIA group, lacunar lesions incidence were found to be higher in patients with heterogeneous echogenicity with irregular surface and high degree carotid stenosis (>%50) than those with regional and watershed infarctions (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). With the lights of this results we concluded that heterogen and irregular surfaced plaques presents high risk factor for arterio-arteriel embolic inme, carotid artery stenosis greater than 50% causes haemodynamic impairment and increases ischemic stroke risk. Additionally, carotid DUS is a reliable non-invasive method in early diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions of carotid artery.

The chorea appears as a symptom in toxic, vascular and degenerative impairment affecting the central nervous system. The appearance of the chorea is related with the hasal ganglia, especially with the striatal dysfunction. Other than the frequent causes of the chorea - such as Sydenham's chorea, Huntington's chorea, Wilson's disease, polycythemia rubra vera, systemic lupus erythematosis, drugs - moyamoya disease takes place in the literature as a rare cause. Moyamoya disease is a disease with an unknown etiology and occurs as a result of progressive steno - occlusive changes of terminal part of the internal carotid arteries and the main intracranial vessels. The latter causes the abnormal anastomotic network, the incidence shows increment in the first 5 years (juvenile form) and 30s (adult form). The juvenile form presents usually with ischemic stroke, whereas the adult form presents with hemorrhagic stroke. ýn this study, a 14 years old girl suffering from the choreiform movement disorder of the left arýn and leg for the last two months is presented. The sole complaint of the case is the hemichorea beside the headache. The case is neuroradiologically diagnosed as moyamoya disease. Moyamoya disease should be considered among the differential diagnosis of the resistant childhood chorea.

in this study, it is presented a case which has been followed for years with the diagnosis of idiopathic trombositopenic purpura (ITP) but with the acceptance of acut hemiplegia in our clinic, he has been evaluated as systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) with the radiologic and serologic investigations, Firstly, diagnosed as ITP and then coming with stroke and diagnosed as SLE, our patient was followed fora long time but although improved clinically, his radiologic findings progressed worsely so this point attracted us mostly. We discussed the clinical and radiological findings of cerebral lupus with this case.